Integrating Music Experiences In The Classroom Education Essay

Music is a worldwide phenomenon. An enjoyment and grasp of music is apparent in every civilization, yesteryear and nowadays. Adults and kids likewise listen, perform or compose music in a assortment of ways for cultural and personal grounds. In resort areas, places and schools kids dance, drama and sing for enjoyment and societal interaction. In Queensland province schools a specializer music instructor provides pupils with hebdomadal chances to actively prosecute in vocalizing, playing, reading and composing music. However the function and importance of the non-specialist schoolroom instructor to supply music experiences should non be undervalued. By incorporating music activities into day-to-day schoolroom life instructors can make community, enhance acquisition experiences and construct an grasp of Australian and universe civilizations. By supplying chances for pupils to sing, play and make music the schoolroom instructor acknowledges the of import function music plays in the life of every kid. Music and motion activities can be shared experiences that make kids experience portion of a group, promoting cooperation, teamwork and making a sense of community within the schoolroom. As suggested by Carlow ( 2008, p. 4 ) ‘as kids take part in musical activities together, their encephalons, organic structures and Black Marias are engaged and singularly focused in an knowing conjunction activity. ‘ Children can develop societal accomplishments whilst playing musical games necessitating cooperation such as†¦ .. Emotional consequence of music is an plus in the schoolroom. Stress alleviating affects can be utilised to alter the temper in the schoolroom, aid with transitional activities and alleviate subject jobs. Singing or listening to music can be used as a basic schoolroom direction technique to welcome pupils, cue the beginning or terminal of an activity or relax pupils after interruption ( Carlow, 2008 ) Music can enrich and inspire lessons.f rom The benefits of musical activities for kids with physical or cognitive disablements is good researched and can help in making an inclusive schoolroom environment that engenders a shared sense of humanity. Music and motion experiences help develop both sides of the encephalon, an of import determination in recent encephalon research, and contribute to kids ‘s physical, cognitive and linguistic communication development. Experiences with music, which frequently involvement motion every bit good, are memorable because they are non restricted to the mind but besides touch the emotions and affect the senses. Music can heighten the creativeness, assurance and quality of schoolroom acquisition experiences for all pupils. Music accommodates for multiple acquisition manners including kinesthetic through motion and dance, mathematical-logical through bring forthing and listening to music and interpersonal through playing and executing for others. Musical activities and games can help pupils to better their beat, balance and fluidness ( Singer, p. 54 ) . Research suggests that simple exercisings such as walking on a balance beam to a membranophone round will assist better both physical and reading sleight. Using a assortment of beat and pacing may help pupils reading eloquence as a connexion is made and internalised between the ocular words ( length of words ) and the auditory ( words and beat beats ) and the kinesthetic ( body motion ) Singer, p. 54. Comparisons of sounds of assorted music instruments helps pupils to ticket tune their hearing accomplishments and audile favoritism ( Singer, p.55 ) . Music expresses human feeling, kids should see music in such a manner that they are progressively cognizant of composers have used sound to show deeper inner feelings, which like thoughts have transcended people, topographic points and civilizations. It is in the schoolroom that kids can see composition and improvising and doing music for a assortment of times and topographic points. Sense of how humanity expresses itself with sound. Cognitive development, kids solve jobs whilst engaged in music and motion activities, which instrument can be used to do the sound of boom. They create forms with the words they sing or chant, with the gestures they make with their organic structures, and with musical instruments. Children learn about figure constructs as they clap their custodies to a round. They think symbolically when they pretend to walk like an elephant to music.. Music experiences can be organised around jobs, issues or subjects derived from existent life state of affairss, in which precedence is given to active acquisition and significance devising movable and connected to reliable mundane life fortunes ( Eisner, 2004 and Davis, 2005 as cited in Temmerman p. 39 ) . †¦ . Music can heighten our apprehension of ourselves and the universe. Music from different civilizations contributes to our apprehension of both others and ourselves. As pupils sing, drama instruments and listen to music kids are encouraged to see, regard and appreciate the parts of people, civilizations and eras different from their ain. Songs composed or jury-rigged provide kids with a agencies to border the universe through their ain ability to do significance. As suggested by Joseph, p. 27 our universe is progressively going interdependent and all pupils should understand their function in a planetary society. As suggested by Nieto, 2002 cited in Joseph p. 27 â€Å" The boundary lines between civilizations, communities and societies are continually film overing and music serves as an of import ingredient in our multicultural society † . As a cultural passage, the humanistic disciplines embody a states individuality, and music signifiers a large portion of this individuality. Music can be a critical portion of acquisition and find, chances to learn about cultural consciousness and values, understand our cultural heritage every bit good as past and present universe civilizations. Waltzing Matilda has introduced pupils to national history, vocabulary and folk vocals ( Singer p. 55 ) The map of music in the course of study is a facilitative 1, where lessons are a beginning of acquisition and experience that form merely portion of a kid ‘s musical universe and individuality. The specializer music instructor and the schoolroom instructor can value music as a portion of mundane life.MUSIC 1Lesson Title:Year Degree:Time Duration of Lesson:Focused Context for Learning:Specific Learning Objectives for this Lesson:1.2.3.Wayss of WorkingKnowledge and UnderstandingPrior KnowledgeTime in mins Phases of sequenced activities Group organisation/ safety considerations ResourcesORIENTATERhythmic reverberation bangs Singing GreetingENHANCEAnts Go Marching InSts. ask for their Year 1 brother category to sing and execute actions to the vocal. Stairss for activity? Sts. keep custodies with Yr. 1 brother pupil†¦ ( March around etc. ) Mexican Woodpecker ( New vocal ) Teach words & A ; rhythm merely in this lesson.Dragon vocal activityQuestions:What do you cognize about firedrakes? How are firedrakes perceived in Chinese civilization? Watch picture cartridge holder Tchr. explains by the terminal of the unit sts. will be making their ain firedrake vocal, music and actions.. Sts. watch a picture cartridge holder demoing a traditional Chinese firedrake dance. Sts. insight thoughts, features of the Chinese firedrake ( Dragon song thoughts ) Watch picture cartridge holder Sts. usage list of words ( Dragon song ideas ) to make 8 short lines of text about the Chinese firedrake. Tchr points out up/down moving ridges of motion. Appendix 1.1 Appendix 1.2SynthesiseAssessment Techniques and Instruments Teaching Resources Specific for this Lesson MentionsMUSIC 2Lesson Title:Year Degree:Time Duration of Lesson:Focused Context for Learning:Keeping the round to short vocals Know and understand assorted meters ( 2/4, A? , 4/4 )Specific Learning Objectives for this Lesson:1. Perform a round and rhythmic form utilizing organic structure percussion2.3.Wayss of WorkingKnowledge and UnderstandingPrior KnowledgeDragon vocal: Sts. have created 8 lines of text and arranged them in a suited order during a literacy block. Time in mins Phases of sequenced activities Group organisation/ safety considerations ResourcesOrientateENHANCEMexican WoodpeckerGo over words and learn actions in a individual line? The Aardvark ( New Song ) Thatch wordss: Tchr. chants the vocal through one time whilst sts. click fingers to the round. Tchr chants lines 1 and 2 and sts. repetition Tchr chants lines 3 and 4 and sts. repetition Sts. and Tchr. intone the vocal in unison. Teach actions: Tchr. demonstrates actions line by line and sts. transcript Line 1, cast pess Line 2, bang surrogate articulatio genuss with custodies Line 3 bang custodies together Line 4 chink fingers Practice vocal: Sts. and tchr. sing the chant and maintain the beat with organic structure percussion. Dragon Song Activity ( continued ) Divide category into 8 groups. Each group is allocated 1 line from the Dragon vocal they wrote in a literacy block. Making the music ( Dragon song endorsing path ) Sts. listen to CD path 55 Questions: How many beats can you hear in each form? Do you like the sound of the tune? Tchr. explains that endorsing music repeats a steady 5 round concomitant utilizing the pentatonic graduated table Sts. put up a glock with a C pentatonic graduated table and listen to the notes. Each group invent a tune for their line of the vocal devising certain it fits the 5 round form..Appendix 2.1SynthesisePlay a tune to the backup path Each group play their musical concomitant to the 5 round backup path Assessment Techniques and Instruments Teaching Resources Specific for this Lesson MentionsMUSIC 3Lesson Title:Year Degree:Time Duration of Lesson:Focused Context for Learning:Specific Learning Objectives for this Lesson:1.2.3.Wayss of WorkingKnowledge and UnderstandingPrior KnowledgeTime in mins Phases of sequenced activities Group organisation/ safety considerations Gathering groundsOrientateTchr./ pupil recognizingENHANCEThe Aardvark ( rhythmic chant – sing in unit of ammunitions ) Sts. intone the vocal whilst maintaining the beat utilizing organic structure percussion. Divide category in to 2 groups to execute chant as a 2 portion unit of ammunition. Divide sts. into 4 groups and execute chant as a 4 portion unit of ammunition. Mr Noah Rap ( New Song ) Sts. listen to the blame on the Cadmium ( Track 19 with words and carnal noises ) Sts. listen to CD once more clapping the steady round throughout ( 4/4 ) Sts. pattern clapping the round and stating the sound for each animate being Tchr. hands out rhythmic pattern sheet for each animate being Without the Cadmium sts. pattern stating the carnal sounds whilst clapping a steady round.Questions:How many beats does the serpent ‘s hushing spell for ( 4 beats ) What does the crocodile say on each round? ( snip/snap ) How many snip-snaps will we hear for the 4 beats? Class is divided into 6 groups ( one for each of the animate beings mentioned in the blame ) Sts. sing along to CD ( Track 20 – words but spreads where the animate being noises are so sts. can infix )Mexican Woodpecker:Practice vocal and actions togetherChinese Dragon Song:Practice vocalizing and playing to endorsing path In same groups sts. pattern vocalizing and playing their phrase in clip with the 5 steady beats. In groups sts. pattern vocalizing and playing, one group after the following, each get downing on the first of the 5 round form. As each group sing and play their phrase they continue playing the glock to the 5 round form to make melodious phrases that overlap each other. Sts. are familiar with vocal & A ; actions. New activity for sts. start with 2 portion unit of ammunition and so travel to 4 portion unit of ammunition. Observe sts. ability to intone rhythmic forms in unit of ammunition Appendix 3.1 Rhythmic carnal form sheet for each pupil. Wordss to the vocal on IWB.SynthesiseAssessment Techniques and Instruments Teaching Resources Specific for this Lesson MentionsMUSIC 4Lesson Title:Year Degree: In-between Primary ( 3-5 )Time Duration of Lesson:Focused Context for Learning:Specific Learning Objectives for this Lesson:1.2.3.Wayss of WorkingKnowledge and UnderstandingPrior KnowledgeTime in mins Phases of sequenced activities Group organisation/ safety considerations Gathering grounds.OrientateENHANCE:Mr Noah Rap:Clap 4/4 round ( 1, 2, 3, 4 ) ( hands/knees )Q. What vocal have we been larningwith this round? ( Please, Mr Noah ) Organises sts. into 6 groups ( animate beings ) Tchr. We have been utilizing our voices to stand for the animate beings – today we will utilize instruments†¦Q. I have some instruments here, which group shall I give them to?Hand out instruments to each group Tchr. Ask each group to play instruments to their animate beings beat ( all in form on board ) Play â€Å" Mr Noah ‘s Rap † Track ( Optional ) Sts. Singing Mr Noah Rap Each group plays their instrument at the appropriate clip in the vocal maintaining a steady 4/4 round.Ants Go Marching InWith Year 1 brother categoryDragon SongSts. practise Chinese Dragon vocal Go over of import points for a category public presentation Watch music director ( tchr. ) carefully Dressed ore Start and finish with silence Sit mutely when non playing/singing Smile and have funSynthesiseSts. execute their firedrake vocal for Year 1 brother category. Assessment Techniques and Instruments Teaching Resources Specific for this Lesson

Boycott and Lockout as an Anti Impasse Weapon

Boycott and Lockout as an anti impasse weapon. 1. Introdcution 2. Main Body Collective Bargaining Strike Lockout Boycott Example for Lockout Example for Boycott 3. Conclusion References Introduction In this study, Collective bargaining Collective bargaining takes place between workers` union and employer or employersorganization. Workers form and join the union which represent and protect their interest against employers. Labor union can be formed by industry, sector, region etc. Similarly, employers or organizations also can form group or union according to their common interest and objectives. By forming groups, union and organization both side gain power of ‘collective voice’ against each other. Collective bargaining has also various advantages and useful aspects for both concerning parties. It provides meaning and power to the agreements related to wages, working conditions made by two sides. By this way employers and workers union can easily define the rules governing their relationship. (Ref. Usually parties bargain in good fair, make agreement, maintain consensus point and satisfy each other with their demand. But not always it works, when they fail to resolve the disputes, occurs conflict between parties. In labor market this deadlock situation is called impasse. When parties reach impasse situation, they are using economic weapons against each other to maneuver. Employees pressures employers by going to strike and boycott in order to get what they demand from them. Similarly, employers organize lockout and by stopping production to exert pressure on employees. These actions are lawful when performed in peaceful manner and controlled not to allow to occur violence during the action. Strike {draw:frame} Source: ONS labour disputes survey Boycott Labor union makes use of boycott as an economic weapon against employers when conflict occurs between them. The boycott is attempt made by labor union to influence the employer directly or indirectly. When occurs conflict between union and employer, members of the union refuses work for the employer and cease business dealings with them. his type of directly influencing is called primarily boycott. When members of the union attempt to coerce the employer through suppliers and customers of the employer or through third parties, it is called secondary boycott. Secondary type of boycott is more effective than primarily and it is illegal. It can be lawful and allowed when limited conditions are met. Lockout Employers utilize the lockout as their economic weapon against unions. Just like unions, employers also have to enhance their position in collective bargaining. Employers lock out their workers in slow season gain some advantage over union, so they ensure their labor issues for further busiest season. Thus, they maneuver over labor union. Employers use it rarely, although lockout is their primarily economic weapon against labor unions. During lockout timeframe employers can hire temporary replacements but it is legal to hire permanent replacements. Royal Mail Strike CWU used strike action as a economic weapon against Royal Mail as they failed to make agreement and solve dispute over pay, working conditions and modernization. Union’s strike action which took place before the busy season urged Royal Mail to negotiate with them. At least they decided to have ‘period of calm’ in which both side make long term deal by considering each other’s interest and solve the modernization issue. Conclusion Sometimes in labor market impasse situation occurs, when employers and union fail to solve dispute between them. One of the parties uses economic weapon against other such as strike and lockout so that they can have power in bargaining. In this study, nature of collective bargaining is argued,

An Examination Of The Financial Challenges Faced By Students At The Ivy League School

An Examination Of The Financial Challenges Faced By Students At The Ivy League School Over thirty thousand people applied to Brown university this year, and only about twenty-six hundred made it in. Thats about an eight percent acceptance rate for all the poor saps who applied to that ivy league school. But they why do they need that schools name on their diploma so badly? These people are just out of school and shooting for the stars with their big dreams, but maybe a local university or even a technical college is more the speed some of these people need. Ivy League schools are ranked better, but are not better than other schools because: they are not financially accommodating, they are very stressful, and under the rug embarrassing. Financially, Ivy League schools may not be the best for someone who doesn’t come from money. Two thirds of the people accepted into ivy league schools this year of 2015 applied for financial aid. that does not mean they all acquired it, or even a reasonable amount that they may need, but they took the extra effort because they dont believe they can take on the financial burden. all of the applications for scholarships and grants that they applied for cannot cover their costs of living. Next year, tuition will rise an average of 3.76 percent at the Ivies—pushing the cost of attendance as high as $63,000 (Akane Otani). Students need about as much money for living than they do for basic tutions at a tech school. Spending money they dont have on: food, clothes, personal items (hair products, toiletries, cell phones, etc.). Thats not including if anything were to get stolen, such as textbooks or computers or anything from their dorm rooms. Theres too much to pay for financia lly with these schools for most of these kids to be attending it. seventeen percent of students who attend ivy league schools are the first of their families to attend school (Ivy Coach). that number triples for those who attend a technical college, so imagine the new burden that they have on their shoulders. not only are they the first to go to school, they are going to a big, brand name one. Stress on an ivy league college student can get so great that it leads to life changing decisions. â€Å"The stresses that comes with academia including pressure to get good grades, financial worries, failed relationships and conflicts with roommates are enough to force some students to leave college or worse. In fact, depression is the number one reason students drop out of school or die by suicide.† ( Pakistan Observer) .It can cause a person to feel a lack of self worth when trying to keep up with other students because they dont believe that they are doing as good as the others, or that they dont get the information as well as everyone else may be comprehending it. what they dont realize is that, most of the time, they all feel this way about each other. this type of emotional stress can lead to them ‘giving up and giving in’ to the pressures around them such as skipping class, slacking off, and dropping out. Embarrassing, not a work commonly used for Ivy League schools, but it’s still one to represent it. They underestimate themselves and develop a feeling of ‘checking your privilege’ (Rega Jha) which people who attend these schools shouldnt do because they are paying so much to attend these schools so they should have gloating rights. this feeling causes them to not want to stand out in the crowd and when everyone is busy trying to convince them how great it is and how well theyre doing, the person who didnt want any attention in the first place, now seems to everyone like thats all they wanted. Then these people who feel inferior to be in an ivy’s presence, expects these students to be geniuses on everything. They are bombarded with ridiculous questions that they never have or will cover in their classes because people expect so much and then are seen as dumb because they dont know the answer and are paying out the butt to have a better education, when in rea lity they could have gotten the same degree and education for a university in their state. It’s embarrassing to be just as smart as they guy at a university when theyre going to an ivy league school to get the exact same degree as the guy next to them. Yes, these schools are viewed as big names for a reason. they are prestige and only have the best of the best. Why is it then that these degrees mean so much more than one someone obtained from a university? because of the name. With so many years to build up the buildings and time to really make it better, how could anything compete? these schools are may even only be seen so greatly because they reject so many. With these schools not even having some of the programs people would need to become what they want most, why wouldnt they work to â€Å"Find the university program that loves you for you, the school that matches your values and specializes in the fields that you are passionate about† (Montesano, Mandell). as a student who goes to a technical college i can never give personal insight to someone who does actually go to an ivy league school. im a realist, so im not one to ever really fantasize or shoot for the stars when my rocket is made of cardboard. Though i admire the ones who shoot for those stars, i think they are crazy and dumb. i hope this paper has shown why my light shines on that idea of ivy league students through the financial struggles, the stress it comes with, and the silent embarrassment.

Research proposal 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research proposal 2 - Essay Example In Texas, a nurse practitioner who works with adult patients in their homes is mandated to see these patients between six months to a year depending on the sector. In private sectors, the nurse practitioners see the patients’ once a year, if the patient is in a home health they are seen by the physician or nurse practitioner on initial admission or at least in the last 90 days prior to admission (Hess, Lynn, Conforti, & Holmboe, 2011). In federal or state sectors, the nurse practitioners visit is once a year or as needed. â€Å"For adult patients 50 yrs. old or greater with hypertension, will increasing the Nurse practitioners visit from three times a year to every six weeks improve medication compliance and reduction in exacerbation of patients’ condition? Increasing the number of visits made by nursing practitioners to aged patients with hypertension can be effective in enhancing the patients’ capacity to comply with medication and reduce exacerbation of patients’ condition. Aged patients with hypertension – within the context of this research these are the participants of the study, are individuals aged between 50 and 75, diagnosed with hypertension, and are on medication. The sample will be selected for a population of men aged between fifty and seventy-five years of age. Individuals included within the research will be those diagnosed with hypertension and are under medication, which they are taking from their residence. Hospitalized individuals under medication will not be included within the research sample, as the aspect of compliance to medication cannot be established. Because of the specificity of the desired sample, non-probability sampling will be utilized in selecting the study sample. Convenience sampling will be utilized as the researchers will only utilize the available individuals who meet the study requirements and who are willing to participate in the research. The sample

How did Margaret Thatcher become leader of the Conservative party Why Essay

How did Margaret Thatcher become leader of the Conservative party Why was she able to remain as the partys leader for fifteen years - Essay Example She was representing Finchley Region in England. Later in 1970, she was appointed the secretary for Education and Technology. In a conservative party election that was held in 1975, Thatcher was able to defeat Edward Health as the leader of the Conservative party and by that she emerged the leader of opposition and the first woman to be a leader of a major political party in the UK. This paper will look at the strategies that Margaret Thatcher used to become the leader of the Conservative Party and how she remained its leader for such a long time. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, Margaret Thatcher became the first lady to hold a major party leadership in the United Kingdom. Her way of leadership made her to be branded the Iron Lady due to the mode she used in administration and maintaining her relevance in leadership. Battling it with men and especially defeating Edward Health in the Conservative Party elections in 1975 worked as a milestone in her bid to become the first female Prime Minister in the United Kingdom. Thatcher’s put down a number of policies that she was fighting for and which she deemed best for the whole nation. Her policies cost the country in some way but also empowered the people to work more and deliver much without waiting for the government to do a lot for them (Evans, 2013). Thatcher made it clear that the government could only do what it was capable of doing and the people would be left with the mandate to do the rest for themselves. One of the policies that she set was the ownership of houses that made the citizens able to own houses for the first time in the history of the nation. This earned her both fame and resistance from the people who thought that her way of leadership was truly deficient. In becoming the leader of the conservative party, Thatcher had capitalised in the loss of power of the party leader Edward Health who had become unpopular and consequently lost the seat to her in the party elections

U.S. housing price Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

U.S. housing price - Term Paper Example The situation became worse with the reduction in the availability of credit. This made it impossible for the willing prospects to pay for home ownership. This paper makes an attempt to investigate the housing problems of the US and the future that lies ahead of this sector. The project would also provide a direction to the prospective buyers of the houses and would help to determine how the prices of the new housing projects could be reduced. Necessary graphs and charts have been provided to present the statistics that would support the arguments put forward in the paper. How serious is housing price problem in the USA? Studies have proved that in the United States there exists inequality in the distribution of wealth among the population of the country. Federal Reserve has stated that out of the total net worth of the individuals, 27% is accounted for household real estate. An average American would allocate almost 66 % of his or her wealth for housing. On the other hand the high ne t worth individuals of the country generally keeps their money invested in form of a variety of financial assets. The major part of the investment portfolios of these people do not consist of housing investments. Therefore this group of people generally react less to the fluctuation in the housing prices. Thus when there is a rise in the housing prices the people belonging to the middle get mostly affected by it.... On the other hand the people who had their money invested in their primary residence faced the brunt. Generally the housing prices indices have been used to analyze the prices of the housing investments throughout the country (Holt, 2009). However, it cannot be generalized easily because there are regional disparities in the prices of the housing. The size and location of the housing has an effect on the prices that would exist in the market. There might also be defect in the construction of the housing prices index. These data on these indices present certain surprising information. Situations of distress sales of the housing have caused the builders to review their price setting procedure (Talbott, 2003). However, the homes which have been valued at a very high rate have faced a decline in their values with the problems in the housing market. There are a host of reasons for this. The debt to income ratio of the loans and the amount of down payment that the buyers could make for pur chasing a house had been low. Along with this, the loans that were provided were not underwritten in the proper manner. The long term interest rates in the country have been rising in the recent past. This has also posed a threat to the housing market. If the rate of interest on the bonds rises, people would shy away from making housing investments and would park their money for the long term because such investments would be riskless for the investor. Figure 1: Long term interest rates in 2013 Source: Nothaft, 2013 Thus the affordability of housing is quite low for those families that lie in the middle income group. This is especially true in the metro areas of the country. Again at a time of a boom in the housing prices, the real activities taking place

Social problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Social problems - Essay Example Unlike tobaccos and cigarettes, there are no warnings placed on advertisements and containers of alcohol beverages. The reason behind this tolerance and encouragement of the government is that they earn huge revenues from taxes from the sale of these products. The government for one does not encourage the use of illicit drugs because they do not earn anything from the sale of these drugs unlike with the sale of alcohol and tobacco. In April 2011, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that almost six million people die from tobacco use and 2.5 million from harmful use of alcohol each year worldwide (Join Together Staff, 2011). The report goes on further to state that tobacco is predicted to be the cause of death of 7.5 million people worldwide by 2020, accounting for 10 percent of all deaths, while alcohol-related deaths accounts for 3.8 percent of all deaths worldwide. These figures show that alcohol and tobacco use is as dangerous as using illicit drugs. However, this is not the belief of a lot of people. One reason why many people view the use of tobacco and alcohol differently from the use of illicit drugs is that they believe that if done in moderation, the use of alcohol or to some extent tobacco cannot be harmful to one’s health. Unlike with the use of illicit drugs, there is the perception that even if consumed in moderation, it still adversely affects one’s health. For some people they believe that there is no such thing as a â€Å"moderate use† of an illicit drug. There are some parents who tolerate their teen children’s consumption of alcohol especially during special occasions or family celebrations. This gives the idea to these youths that drinking is acceptable; thus, when they are out with their friends, drinking becomes part of their lives. Parents then give the notion that alcohol is good while illicit drugs are not. The difference in the views of people about the use of alcohol

In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the Essay

In what ways may disagreement aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences - Essay Example However, from the past, they solely relied on empirical evidence and analysis in the absence of enhanced gadgets and technologies. They were challenged to do almost the impossible because they were motivated to think outside the box so as to discover new learning, idea or concept. Outstandingly, Maslow managed to interpret the hierarchy of the human needs, but other psychologists believe that there are other important points that one could use to explain â€Å"motivation.† Understanding motivation requires knowing human’s complex emotions and personality. One, therefore, should expect that this area of academic interest should involve myriads of ideas that have to be taken into account prior to forming concrete information on the whole thought about human needs and motivation. It is, therefore, clear that disagreements involved in pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences could provide a substantial advantage not just for the preservation of the body of kno wledge but for taking it to the next level in an upward spiral. It is, thus, the main concern in this paper to explicate the ways on how disagreements aid the pursuit of knowledge in the natural and human sciences. ... Empirical evidence in this area is a significant requirement in order to prove that something like important claims concerning certain ideas, events, observations or concepts potentially exist. However, various other thoughts using empirical scientific inquiry sometimes would put each other in a clash, leading to a significant consideration about the situation. Let us take the case behind Genetically Modified (GM) crops. Just before the end of 2012, in September, Monsanto was bombarded with another controversial issue concerning the safety of their products. A study from French scientists revealed that Monsanto’s genetically modified corn or top-selling weedkiller was found to cause rat mortality due to tumors, multiple organ damage and premature death (Palma). The implication of this result could lead to the idea that Monsanto’s top-selling weedkiller GM crops might have a potential impending toxicity level that could be detrimental to the human health. Rumors were abl e to spread concerning this report leading to the point that there is a need to consider further investigations on the actual methodology used in the entire research process, and to initiate other series or relevant independent studies so as to confirm the reliability of the published results. There are more other potential concerns aside from these. However, it is also good to look at the side of Monsanto, particularly at their strong stand on GM crops, stating that their safety is the same with existing food crops, so they do not exactly make a difference (Monsanto Company). Monsanto remarkably offered a high level of confidence in their GM crops because they also initiated relevant scientific inquiries in order to prove the safety of their product offerings. Any

Managing People Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Managing People - Essay Example Ineffective leadership, poor organizational culture, poor management styles, poor working conditions, lack of work life balancing, lack of career development opportunities etc. are some of the major reasons that prevent employees from delivering their bests. This report analyses the importance of employee engagement, employee involvement and leadership styles, taking McDonalds Corporation as an example. Founded by Maurice and Richard McDonald in 1940 and operating in 119 countries, McDonalds is world’s largest the fast food business group now. Around 1.7 million people were employed by McDonalds in its 14000 restaurants operating at different parts of the world (Reward Gateway UK, 2014). The 1.7 million workforces of McDonalds are extremely diverse since the company is operating in different parts of the world. Management of diverse or multicultural workforce is not as easy as the management of a single cultural workforce. The leaders and the managers of the company should implement effective HR strategies to bring out the maximum productivity of the employees. According to Torrington et al (2011), HRM is all management activities that help an organization to use its workforce to make things happen in a productive way. Even though an organization may have many resources such as machine, money and materials, none of them are as important as manpower resources. It should be noted that manpower is the only active resource of an organization and it is necessary to mobilize all other resources. Ineffective workforce may waste all other organizational resources whereas effective or skilled workforce may use all other resources in an efficient manner. In short, manpower resource is the most important resource for all organizations. According to Boxall & Purcell (2012), effective utilization of manpower resource is one of the most important HR functions. The success and failure of an organization depends on how well the leaders

Testing Drugs On Animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Testing Drugs On Animals - Essay Example The American Medical Association has stated that it believes that research involving animals is essential to maintaining and improving the health of human beings. They point out that all advances in medical science in the 20th century, from antibiotics to organ transplants, has been achieved either directly or indirectly through the use of animals in laboratory experiments. Arguments for animal experimentation may question the morality, necessity, and validity of these studies. The moral issue on animal experimentations concerns the need to protect human life and to improve the quality of life. The gains in human health and well being outweigh the cost in animal suffering which nonetheless should be kept to a minimum, in this viewpoint. It would be immoral to conduct such tests on humans, and so animals serve as our stand-ins for many kinds of testing and research. Those who support animal testing may care deeply about animals but don't place them on an equal status with humans. Research on animals may be deemed necessary for a variety of reasons: to develop vaccines and treatments and cures for diseases, to ensure that new products are safe to use. Such as making sure that they won't blind us, burn our skin, or even kill us and to help students, especially prospective doctors, veterinarians, and so on, learn their way around a body. Animals do make good research subjects for many purposes and research on them can tell us a great deal about ourselves. Animals are, in many ways, biologically similar to humans and are susceptible to many of the same health problems. Some species may serve as particularly good models for certain aspects of human health or physiology. Much of what we know about the immune system, for example, has come from studies with mice, and much of what we know about the cardiovascular system has come from studies with dogs. Many heart surgery techniques, such as coronary bypass surgery, artificial heart valve insertion, and pacemaker implants, were studied first in dogs before being used in people. (Jean Swingle Greek, DVM and C. Ray Greek, MD) Animals may make even better research subjects than humans in some regards. Furthermore, scientists can control certain aspects of an animal's environment, diet, temperature, lighting, and so on, more easily than would be possible with people. Supporters of the use of animals in research argue that alternative methods can't fully replace the use of animals, and may never do so. Neither cells grown outside a body nor computer programs can predict the complex interactions that occur in an entire living system. Countless medical treatments, techniques, and technologies have come about, at least in part, through animal experimentation. The development of immunization against such diseases as polio, diphtheria, mumps, measles, rubella, pertussis, and hepatitis all involved research on animals, as did the discovery of insulin and the study of diabetes. Animal research also has played a part in the development of organ transplantation, hip replacement, chemotherapy, cardiac pacemakers, coro nary bypass surgery, ongoing efforts to understand and treat AIDS and Alzheimer's disease, and more. Arguments against animal testing may also question the morality, the necessity, or the validity of these studies. That is, whether we have the right to perform such

Blood Diamond Essay Example for Free

Blood Diamond Essay The realization that there is always something bad mixed with good hit her like a tornado as she watched the movie Blood Diamond. Unconsciously she fingered the stone on her finger and wished she had not worn it. She had to blink back the tears stinging her eyes as she saw children being put to work at alluvial mines, and other workers being amputated and killed for sport. I almost choked with guilt when I remembered how I had gaily remarked, ‘Diamonds are forever,’ when my friend showed me the diamond ring her boyfriend had gotten her. We were not giggling anymore when we saw a World Vision quote†¦ ‘amputation is forever. ’ On seeing the movie, we decided that we had to do something about the conflict diamond issue. We felt so bad about not getting information concerning the origin off the diamond my friend wore, we would never know for sure whether it was a conflict diamond or not. Blood diamond and conflict diamonds are more or less synonymous terms. The UN defines a conflict diamond as a â€Å"diamond whose origin is an area which is controlled by forces that are opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments. The diamonds are used to finance military action to oppose the government of the day or to contravene the decisions of security council (UN,www. un. org/peace/Africa/Diamond html) Most of these diamonds have their origin in Africa with countries like Sierra leone, Liberia, Angola and DR Congo being among those most affected. Though diamonds are mined in Liberia, it offers more of a marketing and ‘supporting point’ role for the Blood Diamond trade. Civil wars in Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone are funded with diamonds that have been smuggled into Liberia which are later sold and the cash is used to purchase ammunition, guns and other weapons. Liberia has imposed some violence of its own lasting 8 years killing around 200,000and displaying thousands more (Stop Blood Diamond Organization, 2007). Reports by Amnesty International and Global Witness show that there are areas in Liberia where diamond are still mined and traded which are controlled by rebels. Worse, these have been report of links between the infamous alqaida and Liberia (Amnesty USA,2007). The 9/11 attacks have been linked to funds and weapons associated with the diamond mines of Sierra Leone. The diamonds are usually mined by civilians who are used as slaves after being caught as prisoners. The civilians, children included, work in poor conditions and are punished brutally for the slightest error. Killing for sport and amputation are regular occurrences. (Stop Blood Diamonds Organization, 2007). Some of the abducted children eventually become child soldiers. John Lahia, a 15 year old child soldier was among the victims of the war that has led to starvation, disease and war wounds for many refugees. He was wounded by an exploding rocket-propelled geradeand died of a tetanus infection, far away from medical aid that would have otherwise saved his life. The Revolutionary United Front(RUF) medics left him lying in a backwater hospital with his wounds taped for lack of better medical means to treat him. This too will be the likely fate of other combatants and all this because of the greed for diamond (Campbell,2007). A sure way to eradicate conflict diamond is to end conflict areas. Peacekeeping that aims at apprehension and removal of rebels without violation of human rights of civilians can be used to achieve this. Inernational agencies need to focus on ending hostilities so diamond production can return to the hands of the government; this will enable the countries in question to benefit from rather than be torn apart by their diamond mines. In 1999, the UN deployed a mission to deal with the problem of conflict diamonds. The Kimberly cerrtification scheme requires provision of a certificate of origin for diamonds. The aim is to cut off flow of diamonds from illegitimate sources. This process however has several shortcomings. The certificates can be forged, many diamonds can be smuggled into a dean country and even when certificates are real the officials may have been bribed. This is a reality especially because in most of the war torn countries poverty and suffering are rife. Most people will only be too glad to line their pockets with the bribes offered. Sensitizing the American Public on issues to do with conflict diamonds is another strategy. This has already began especially in the entertainment industry with such movies as Dicaprios Blood Dianond and James Bond Die another Day and Kanye West’s song, ‘Diamond are Forever’. Further flooding of the public with more information through as many avenues as possible will ensure that people are aware of the origin and human terror and suffering that comes with some diamonds. This will in turn create a low market for the diamonds, slowing down the flux of diamonds into the country. In the present situation, supply of diamond and human suffering in the country of origin have a direct correlation, decreasing supply from illegitimate sources will consequently lead to a decrease in suffering of the Africa children and civilians affected. US contributes 70%of the worlds diamond trade making it a leading customer of diamond. (VOA News, 2007). The US therefore has a role in spearheading the fight against conflict diamond. The government should insist on strengthening the Kimberley process and the Clean Diamond Trade Act. By providing more forceful support, technical aid and financial aid. African countries can be assisted to develop the Kimbeley process such that its effect is felt by the corrupt officials and rebels overseeing mining of blood diamond. The Government Accountability office has had several proposal which include spot checks of diamond companies and tracking of rough diamonds inside and outside the country of origin. (Globalwitness, 2007). These need application and immediate application. Regular checking of the progress of US wagh diamond trade statistics Is an important evaluation tool for the effect of blood diamond and assessment of how the problem is being combated. Though my friend and I are not sure of the origins of the diamond she wears on her finger we are more knowledgeable about conflict diamonds. As a result our circle of friends also know more and now most of our college is no longer ignorant about the issue. Through our campaigns we encourage people to ask about the origin of the diaomonds they are just about to buy. This means that as a nation we are thinking about and doing something in consideration of the people whose lives have been lost in the diamond trade. REFERENCES Amnesty USA Conflict Diamond retrived from www. amnestyusa. org/new/doc/diamonds-survey-text. pdf Campbell G. Blood Diamonds, Amnesty Magazine retrieved from www. amnestyusa. org/amnestynw/diamond s. html Conflict Diamond retrieved from Www. un. org/peace/Africa/Diamond. html Globalwitness, Combating conflict Diamonds,retrieved Sep 1 2007 from http://www. globalwitness. orga/pages/en/conflictdiamonds. html Stop Blood Diamond Organization, Stop Blood Diamond, conflict Diamond in Africa retrieved from www. stopblooddiamonds. org/children-of-Africa. asp VOA News US cogress Tackle Blood Diamond trade retrieved sep 1, 2007 from www. voanews. can/english/archive/2002-02/a-2002-02-4-2-us. cfm. World vision, Stop the Trade in Blood Diamond, retrieved sep 1 2007 from Worldvision. org/worldvision/stable/globalissues-conflictdiamond.

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B

Characterising the Atmosphere of Proxima B 1.Intro As of April 2016, 582 extrasolar planets have been discovered (NASA) using Doppler spectroscopy, a method for detecting extrasolar planets by deducing their radial velocity from the Doppler shifts in the spectrum of the planets parent star. Using this method, Anglada-Escude et al (2016) recent observations have revealed a 1.3 Earth mass planet orbiting the red dwarf Proxima Centauri. Although Earth-like planets arent uncommon, the recent discovery of Proxima b is particularly exciting as at a distance of 1.3 parsecs it is our closest potentially habitable star. Where previous studies were stunted by the distance of the host star to the Earth, Proxima b may within reach of Earth and space based telescopes giving us the ability to better judge its characteristics. While Proxima b is in the goldilocks zone, meaning it has potential to have water and perhaps even life, it is subject to intense radiation and solar wind. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b and Prospects for characterising the atmosphere of Proxima Centauri b question whether Proxima has an atmosphere, with the primary focus being whether Proxima b can maintain liquid water on its surface. The former does this by estimating the current high-energy irradiance of the planet and show that the orbit is likely to be in either a synchronous or 3:2 spin-orbit resonance. The latter article considers measuring the variation in thermal emission with orbital phase as a method for characterizing Proxima bs atmosphere. 2. The habitability of Proxima Centauri b 2.1 SummaryIn this paper the authors work through a number of factors that could affect the potential habitability of Proxima b. While noting there is a surplus of Earth like planets (Kepler), the authors need question whether Proxima lies within the Habitable Zone, where a stellar flux is low enough to maintain surface water but high enough to maintain the planetary surface as defined by Kasting et al. Due to a stellar input of ~65% than of the Earth Proxima b lies within these limits. High Energy IrradiationHigh-energy emissions including X-rays through to far-UV (FUV) and particle winds are known to influence atmospheres of rocky planets. A particular issue when estimating the XUV fluxes is that Proxima is a flare star (haish et 1983) meaning its HE emissions can vary significantly. The work in the paper was built from X-ray emission observations via ROSAT and XMM that report log LX = 27:2 erg sà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 g and LX = 27:4 erg sà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1 respectively (Haish 1999). To generalise the overall dose on the planetary atmosphere, the authors consider the average XUV luminosity over an extended timescale while accounting for flare variation. Using XMM-Newton observations, the strongest flare has an energy of about 210^31 erg. CN Leo has a similar X-Ray luminosity and thus can be used to model flare distribution for Proxima. Audard el state a power law with the form N(> E) = 3:7 _ 1037Eà ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬1:2, where N is the number of flares per day, and E is the total (integrated) flare energy in erg . This shows CN Leo has flares with energies greater than about 2 _ 1031 erg over a timescale of 1 day.This is found to be in agreement with the XMM-data set, consolidating this is a reliable representative of the daily flux. Thus giving (between 0.65 and 3.8nm) a time integrated average flux of 87 ergss_1cm^-2 . To account for more energetic flares a calculated extra 22 ergs s^-1 cm^-2 is added, totalling at 109 erg s^-1cm^-2 . Flux estimates (including flare contribution) were calculated over a range of wavelengths, as listed below: ROSAT observations for the 3.8nm to 10nm range produced an X-Ray dose of 163 erg s^1 cm^2 EUVE spectrum for the extreme UV 10nm to 40nm range produced a flux value of 111 ergs^1cm2 FUSE observations for the far UV 92-118nm range produced a flux value of 20 egs HST/STIS for the 118-170nm range produced a flux value of 130 ergs Therefore between 0.6 and 118nm, the total integrated flux today that is a fair representative of HE radiation on the atmosphere of Proxima b is of 307ergs^1. For comparison purposes, the XUV flux at Earth is calculated to be 5.1 ergs, showing Proxima b to receive 60 times more XUV flux. This data is illustrated in fig. -Probability of capture: The authors remark on the poor parameterizations of previous work on tidal dissipation of rocky planets (Darwin 1880, love 1909, goldreich 1963), their primary issue being models would always predict an equilibrium rotation rate where tidal torque would vanish. The authors use the Andrade model as tailored by Efromsky 2012 and Eq 10 of Marakov 2012. The Andrade time was set to be equal to the Maxwell time of tm=500yr for simplicity. The results for 3:2 resonance capture probability are shown in fig. Curve a) indicates where tidal torque at the lower boundary of the separatrix is negative and greater than the maximum restoring torque. b) indicates tidal torque at the lower boundary of the separatrix is positive and (c) indicates where maximal tidal torque inside the resonance is greater than the maximum triaxial torque. Regions above (c) and/or (b) (white regions) leads to certain capture due to tidal torque, whereas below (c) and (a) (black region) capture is impossible as triaxial torque is too weak. The implication for climate would be that liquid water is possible depending on the rotation. If the planets orbital eccentricity is 0.06 it is likely Proxima will have a tropical belt. -water loss It is undeniable how estimates of volatile loss are poorly constrained, due to the lack of key data e.g. evolution of atmospheric composition, stellar wind properties, photochemistry of the upper atmosphere etc. The authors take a moment to discuss an alternative approach for determining Proxima bs volatile loss: Comparing Earths early development with Proxima bs. By considering how Earth built by a multitude of moon size protoplanets across 10Myr, the authors argue the XUV irradiation and stellar wind experience on proto-Earth is comparable to that of Proxima b. lamer et al modelled volatile losses of early Earth showing significant loss caused by hydrodynamic escape of hydrogen and strong stellar wind exposure. Due to the fact the runaway phase of Proxima is only longer than the Earths by a small factor 12 um. Finally, to determine how tightly the albedo and heat redistribution can be constrained, an MCMC fit was trailed on the simulated LRS spectrum from Fig 2 using the emcee package (Foreman-Mackey et al) The fit was run with redistribution, F, and albedo, A, as free parameters, from the fit one can measure F=0.07 and albedo A=0.13 to be well constrained. The authors conclude that a MIRI phase curve is sufficient means to determine the existence of an atmosphere on Proxima b. A then turn their attention to the feasibility of detecting an ozone absorption feature from Proxima b at 10um. Key motivation being this is a prominent feature of Earths IR emission spectrum and acts a potential evidence of present life. Bond albedo was set to A=0.3 to match Earths and an isothermal temperature arrangement is assumed. Using a modelling calculated by Rugheimer, that assumes an Earth-like atmospheric composition irradiated by a GJ 1214b-like star, it is noted that the ozone feature does not vary with planet orbital phase but is detectable from a very high signal-to-noise spectrum. The predicted feature amplitude was less than 1ppm. To illustrate how much observation time would be required to detect said feature, fig shows a simulated spectrum co-added from 60 days. The absorption feature at 9.8um corresponds to an ozone band and the dip at 8 is due to methane. 3.2 Implication/ImportanceA major concern would be that detecting modulations with JWST would be extremely challenging due to Proxima Centauri s stellar variability and flares. To estimate how feasible it would be to detect Proxima bs thermal emission, the JWST Exposure Time Calculator (ETC) was used to estimate signal-to-noise ratios for MIRI observations of Proxima Cen. Using a model spectrum, the ETC produced the expected count rate, which also correlated with the S/N predictions from Cowan et al. Although it feeds back good results, the paper highlights the need to test the precision of the MIRI detector. A general issue with this paper is calculations are simply based on possible observations with the James Webb Space Telescope, as opposed to actual recorded data. Realistically, conclusions drawn about phase variation for Proxima arent definitive, though the paper shows potential of the MIRI could do and show. Other recent paper including à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.., have a general agreement that the JWST could be used to infer exoplanets rotation periods and dissipation rates. In theory, measurement using the MIRI (which covers the wavelength range of 5 to 28 microns) at different wavelengths could be used to find atmospheric signatures, constrain the radius, the albedo and the inclination of Proxima b, as well as its rotation. This paper consolidates this idea. 3.3 Assessment In the introduction many issues that could affect Proxima bs atmosphere are mentioned, for example Proxima bs evolutionary history, but these topics werent covered in the body of the article. The introduction also states three methods available to characterize the planets atmosphere. The last (measure variation in thermal emission with orbital phase) is the focus of this paper, however the first two (directly image the planet, measure variations in reflected starlight with orbital phase) were perhaps unreasonably undiscussed. The quality of the results is difficult to assess, on the one hand an abundance of assumptions were used, to the extent that all of Section Five of this paper lists assumptions about the planetary system used in the their analysis. In many cases decisions were poorly explained. For example an albedo of 0.1 is used in the climate model while commenting Proxima bs atmosphere would likely have a higher albedo (perhaps 0. Like Earths), however dont they elaborate on why they settled with 0.1. On the other hand many of the assumptions were heavily based on previous work by a variety of researchers. The need for atmosphere case with moderate distribution F=0.35 was driven by a plethora of research ((e.g., Joshi et al. 1997; Merlis Schneider 2010; Heng et al. 2011a, 2011b; Pierrehumbert 2011; Selsis et al. 2011; Leconte et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2013, 2014; Koll Abbot 2015, 2016; Turbet et al. 2016).) which have shown how the presence of an atmosphere can reduce the amplitude of IR phase v ariation by a factor two or more. This made decisions feel more reliable and justified. Yet, without having read referenced work, certain aspects were hard to follow. Some of their most significant work on simulated spectrum is noted to be built upon the work of selsis et al, however there is no indication of what work Sel actually conducted. The paper in general couldve done with a more substantial amount of explanation for this made for a frustrating read. 4. Comparison In terms of writing style, It is apparent anglada had done a more extensive amount of research, Work is important as it highlight the value of using a combination of space and ground telescopes and In terms of research, both papers take a focus on the effects of different eccentricities on a tidally locked planet and its atmosphere. K considered this when creating a climate model and simulated a measurement of the thermal phase variation whereas anglada deduced it is likely Proxima is in a 3:2 rotation and considered the implication of the HE radiation Proxima b would receive. Generally, the authors draw the same conclusion, that Proxima b could have an atmosphere, perhaps capable of supporting life. In the case of no heat redistribution or having synchronous rotation, Proxima b having an atmosphere is improbable. In the case or heat redistribution or asynchronous rotation, one could infer that an atmosphere or ocean is present. Theres a consensus that defining planet habitability is not straightforward, there are vast limitations on calculations that can be done and any modelling is not strongly representative of Proxima bs characteristics. Both papers also make use of modelling Earths past and current state as a forecast for Proxima bs development. Using the Earths past to give us more information to further determine Proxima bs atmosphere and potential habitability was fairly clever and intuitive concept. Future work, perhaps after the launch of the JWST, could consider this concept in more detail for a more well-rounded understanding of Proxima bs characteristics.In conclusion, both papers were particularly insightful, encourage future missions similar to Kepler, and will hopefully drive new research.

Effective Leadership Strategies in the NHS

Effective Leadership Strategies in the NHS The emphasis on leadership in the National Health Service (NHS) Plan has been one of the most important priorities for nurses and their health professional colleagues. Leadership throughout organisation and across the whole health economy is viewed fundamental for implementing and sustaining change (Department of Health (DH 2002).The NHS Plan clearly articulates the need to modernise the healthcare service with the intention to improve publics health (DH 2000). The goal of public health is to fulfil societys interest in assuring conditions in which population can be healthy through organised efforts and informed choice. To achieve this, the NHS requires dynamic intelligent leaders at all levels of the organisation. The following paragraphs attempts to critically discuss how effective leadership strategies can contribute to the delivery of high quality health within contemporary public health through health protection in combating infectious diseases. Additionally, the paper presents a definition of public health, health protection, and leadership. Some leadership contemporary theories are examined before considering which theory is relevant to health protection and provides a rationale for choice. Key leadership competencies such as vision, communication and creating the environment will be outlined and discussed. The term Public health is defined as the science and art of preventing diseases, prolong life and promoting good health and well being through organised efforts and effective leadership skills (Rowitz 2009). The concept is concerned with the health of the population rather than individuals. It has been stated, that public health is not just dealing with illness, and looks at the impact on health of social, economic, political and environmental factors but also acknowledges human behaviour. Public health correlates with health protection. Both concepts play an integral role in protecting health of general public through effective leadership strategy such as prevention and emergency planning. As a consequent, reducing potential threats to health which includes infectious diseases both communicable or non communicable diseases, and environmental hazards such as chemical or radiation exposures. Furthermore, protecting the health of the public has emerged as a distinct area of practice as well as top priority on the government agenda (Reference). WHAT IS LEADERSHIP Leadership is imperative for the NHS to sustain success in Public health. Leadership is a very complex multidimensional concept and has been defined in various ways. The concept leadership and what makes an effective leader has evoked strong debates in the late 1970s and 1980s (Tamkin et al 2010). In addition, it was at this time that theorists started to defined leadership. From the wealth of available literature there appeared to be several common features central to the phenomenon of leadership. Leadership is a process (Bass 1990), involves influence, occurs within group context, involves goal attainment and leadership exist at all level (Northouse 2001). In other words leadership is seen as unifying people around values, constructing the social world for others around those values and helping people to mobilise change (Stanley 2009). Management and leadership Cook (2004) has found that leadership and management are two concepts that are used interchangeably. However, these words describe two different concepts (Day 2001). Leadership is a process which is similar to management. Both functions involve working with people. While management have to do with providing order and consistency in organisations; leadership produces change. On the other hand, Cannella and Monroe (1997) argued the difference distinction between leaders and manager are narrowing. Emotional intelligence In order to demonstrate and maintain effective leadership characteristics an individual has to utilise emotional intelligence. Furthermore research on emotion intelligence has confirmed that this concept is what differentiate the good from outstanding leader Goleman (2000) thinks that leaders who developed emotional intelligence becomes aware of the emotions of others and are more likely to promote a healthy working environment. Gould (2000), further argued that leaders who show characteristics associated with emotional intelligence are more likely to have a positive impact on staffs. Thus this will contribute to the delivery of high quality public health which could improve organisation outcomes. There are several types contemporary theories of leadership such as the trait theories style theories and contingency theories. The trait theory developed from the great man theory assumes that effective leaders are born not made. This derives from the belief that there is a common set of trait of successful leaders. This theory provides foundation for considering the traits require of a leader. This theory is likely to be rejected by many people. Shaw (2007) argued that the trait approach is limited because the context in which leadership take place is not acknowledge. In contrast, the contingency theory which is based on situational theory argues that the effectiveness of leadership style depends on the particular situation and that leaders are more effective when they are able to change their style to adapt to different situations (Bolden et al 2003). The essence that underpinning this theory is that there is no single best style of leadership approach and that different situation will require different style of leadership (Bolden et al 2003) which is important in todays health service. For instant should an emergency situation arise, the leader would demonstrate autocratic leadership skill rather that participative. Effectiveness correlates with transactional and transformational leadership. Transformational leaders use transactional leadership strategies as well to be effective and this combination corresponds closely to ideal leadership (Lowe, Kroeck Sivasubramaniam, 1996). Transactional theories Also, emotional intelligence has a strong connection with transformational leadership. Transformation leaders are well suited to todays fast changing health care environment where adaptation is extremely important. Within this leadership theory there is an emphasis on empowerment and the development of potential for the achievement of long term goals (Shaw 2007), through mobilisation in order to make change (Bolden et al 2003). Recent research states that transformational leadership style is positively associated with higher employee satisfaction and better performance thus would improve public health. According to Taylor (2009) it is possible to use transformation leadership skills within a transaction setting. On the other hand, transactional leadership is concerned with influencing others to achieve goals through rules corrective actions, and contingent rewards (Burn 1978 and Bass 1999). Transactional leader avoids risks, is result focused, not flexible and adaptive to situations. It could be said that the environment in which the NHS operates lends itself to transactional leadership for the achievement of targets, performance management and impact of competency or outcomes. Whereas, transformational leaders are creative, innovative, takes risks and influences and inspires others.. For this reason, many theorists in leadership theory advocate transformational approach in organisation to enable people and organisation to achieve their fullest potential. Leadership styles Theorist have indentified many different leadership styles. Firstly the trait theory as known as great man theory identifies characteristic that such as intellect, personality and class. The can be considered as genetic influences. Tamkin agrees that it is very difficult to teach people the traits they need but says that some of these can be learned. Some forms of management training, an example of this is psychometric profiling as this will give staffs an insight into what they are like and what might be areas for improvement Discussion health work environment As the shortage of nurses increases and resources remain limited leadership in the NHS setting has become a topical point for discussion. Thus organisations are searching for ways to create a healthy work environment in attempt to recruit and more importantly retain staff. Tamkin et al (2010) argued in their report that outstanding leaders are also able to see things holistically. Tamkin et al 2010 adds. outstanding leaders act in a way that makes a difference to the immediate recipient and they also think about how this will impact on the organization; that is to say, creating a good atmosphere in the workplace will not only affect staff but feed through to the public. This can be achieved through flexibility, trust and respect. Support, consideration and motivation are also some of the characteristics of an effective leader which correlate with transformational leadership. Furthermore Tamkin et al (2010) confirms that flexibility trust and respect are the corner stone of effective leadership. Such leadership characteristics are the key thus, can result in positive outcomes and therefore a healthier work environment. Communication Many of the problems that occur in an organization are the direct result of people failing to communicate. Leadership has its corner stone, the ability to communicate.ÂÂ   When theÂÂ   word communicate used, it is referring not only to the words one uses to transferÂÂ   factual information to others, but also to other messages that are sent andÂÂ   received.ÂÂ   The purpose of communication in an organisation is to make agreements on what action is going to be taken to achieve the desired outcomes to create results of shared vision. The NHS need to create an effective communication cultures within it organisation to sustain success. In fact Tamkins et al (2010) points out that, listening may be the single most powerful skill of communication because it is an act of respect and valuing others. Being a good listener enables individuals to understand where each team members are coming from and analyze how each individual thinks. Communication correlates with pro ductivity, profitability, public satisfaction and employee retention. Effective communication is a key to bring confidence and trust among employee. Effective communication skills are therefore essential. Effective communication needs to be straightforward in order to aid and understanding (Tamkin et al 2010). Tamkin et al (2010) illustrates some essential aspects of communication, slowing the thoughts processes, increasing understanding, testing conclusion, listening constructively, getting to the essence of things and exploring areas of disagreement. This indicates that, to be an effective leader one has to understand all the factors that influences communication which transform into effective message in order to address current public health issues such as infectious diseases (Rowitz 2009). Conclusion Effective leadership is essential if the health service is to modernise and provide improvement through health protection and public health. The leadership qualities required in modern health care service derive from transformational leadership theory and include the ability to motive and influence others to produce change to provide high standard of care for patients and a harmonious working environment for staff. Leadership provides vision and mobilisation to achieve goal. In essence, for organisation to run effectively including the NHS there need to be leadership and management. While leaders develop and articulate strategic vision to produce change and move organisations forward managers co ordinates to ensure that the job gets done. One thing that is certain is that change will always be a part of the NHS and learning how to work within this culture to the benefit of the public will remain a priority. Leadership describes the ability to influence, motivate and enable members of an organisation to contribute to the effectiveness and success of the organisation. Leadership is valued in the healthcare setting, especially when it helps to achieve goals that are beneficial to protecting health, such as the enactment of effective preventive- health policies. Most importantly, individuals with effective leadership qualities can foster a culture of cooperation which may improve public health. Thus, it is evident that meaning of leadership and management are noticably different. Indeed some managers may dislike the distinction, because it illustrates that managers are not leaders, however leaders are actual managers (Machie1987). Seeing the bigger picture Outstanding leaders recognise the interconnected nature of their organisations and act accordingly. Understanding that talk is work Outstanding leaders talk to staff to find out what motivates them and how they can boost enthusiasm. Giving time and space to others Outstanding leaders allow people more freedom and influence over the work they do. Growing through performance Outstanding leaders invest in their workforce and use challenges presented to encourage growth, learning and engagement. Putting we before me Outstanding leaders work hard on team spirit, shared decision-making, collaborative working and forming strong bonds between teams. In short leadership should be trustworthy.

Is Financial Compensation Beneficial Or Detrimental In An Empowerment E

Introduction What is an Empowerment ? Basically empowerment means giving the employee the ability to do their work, i.e. through the right training, the right environment, the right information, the right tools and the authority that they need. It is thought that by giving the employee increased power and responsibility that the employee will have increased motivation. Organisations have developed a number of new programs in which it is hoped that employees will have empowerment and so increased motivation. What is an Empowerment Program ? There are six different forms of empowerment programs. i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pay for Performance. This gives employees rewards in relation to their performance on the job. ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gain Sharing. Employees are rewarded when performance targets are met. iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP). Employees are given shares in the company and so co-own the company which allow them to share in the improved profit performance. iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lump-Sum Bonuses. Rewards are given to employees in a lump sum based on performance. v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pay for Knowledge. When employees learn new skills they are rewarded. This leads employees to learn new skills and so become more flexable within a company. vi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Flexible Work Schedules. Workers can set their own working times. Motivation Motivation is a force which pushes a person to take a particular course of action, i.e. being motivated to go to school, to get something out of it, be it, to learn new things or just to get a good job out of it at the end which will bring high earnings. A basic model of motivation is shown below: NEED  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BEHAVIOR  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  REWARD This shows motivation in action, from the previous example we can show that the need is the desire to learn or to get a good job, the behavior is to go to college or university and then the reward is gaining knowledge or a good job. There are two different types of reward ; intrinsic rewards and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic are rewards gained in performing an action, i.e. f... ...with his two factors that workers have a set of motivators that it is best to concentrate on as this will lead to more job satisfaction and so improved motivation, of these motivators none of these were financial rewards. Improving financial rewards will lead to less job dissatisfaction and not job satisfaction or improved motivation for the work. Taylor argues that workers are like donkeys and that money is the main motivation, this is because in the capitalistic world today money does make a lot of difference and as in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs to satisfy the lower levels of the needs, money does make the difference and employees will be influenced by the amount of money that they can have, it will leave them feeling secure. Overall I feel that financial rewards can be very beneficial in an empowerment program and lead to job satisfaction which will lead to increased motivation from workers. Bibliography Management, Fourth Edition. Richard L. Daft. Business Information Technology, Systems, Theories and Practise. Geoffrey Elliot and Susan Starkings. The Practise of Management. Peter F. Drucker. Information Systems – A Management Prospective, Second Edition. Stephen Alter.

Tourette Syndrome Essay examples -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Tourette Syndrome I have been intrigued by this disorder since I met a beautiful little girl named Sarah. Sarah's father recently told me that doctors have informed him that Sarah may have Tourette Syndrome. I had visions in my mind of a little girl shouting profanity uncontrollably with arms flailing about, although the times that I have been with Sarah have never been marked by these actions. I set out to find more information to satisfy my own curiosity and to make myself a resource for Sarah's father. Tourette Syndrome (TS) was first officially described over 100 years ago by a French neurologist named Gilles de la Tourette, a pupil of Charcot's and a friend of Freud's. He described nine patients, primarily Madame de Dampierre, by saying: At the age of 7 (she) was afflicted by convulsive movements of the hands and arms. . . She was felt to be suffering from overexcitement and mischief, and . . . she was subjected to reprimand and punishment. It soon became clear that these movements were indeed in voluntary. . . involved the shoulders, the neck, and the face, and resulted in contortions and extraordinary grimaces (1). Soon after the motor tics developed, Dampierre developed vocal tics consisting of screams and cries. Until her death at 85, she was forced to live in seclusion (2). Between 1920 and 1960, TS was all but forgotten, and psychiatrists and psychoanalysts treated the symptoms as suppressed aggression, which proved ineffective (1). When drugs such as haloperidol were able to alleviate symptoms in the 1960's, however, Giles de la Tourette's initial observations were reevaluated. Dr. Oliver Sacks notes, "Tourette's was regarded - in a sudden reversal - as a chemical disease, the result of a neurotransmitter, dopamine... ...ourette Syndrome. http://neuro-www2.mgh.harvard.edu/TSA/AboutTS/faq.html 7. Definitions and Classification of Tic Disorders. The Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. http://tsa.harvard.edu/TSA/medsci/definitions.html 8. Personal Health: Living with the Mysteries of Tourette Syndrome. Brody, Jane E. The New York Times, March 1, 1995. http://tsa.mgh.harvard.edu/TSA/whatshappening/brody.html 9. An Early Warning for Tics?: Faint Signals, Sensory Urges, and Momentary Relief. Leckman Ph.D., James F. National TSA Newsletter - Spring 1996. http://tsa.harvard.edu/TSA/medetter/spring1996.html 10. The Facts about Tourette Syndrome. Alternative Health. http://members.tripod.com/~tourette13/ 11. Scientists Brainstorm to Find Cure for Tourette Syndrome. Weizmann Institute of Science. http://wis-wander.weizmann.ac.il/site/EN/weizman.asp?pi=372

Film Review of The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

Film Review of The Crucible The Crucible: A Film Review Who'd have thought that simple dancing could cause so much chaos in a small town. This is precisely what happens in the film The Crucible (Nicholas Hytner, 1996), which was originally written as a play by Arthur Miller. This story is based on actual events, which helps in showing the accuracy of the events. The story takes place in Salem in 1692, during the Salem witch trials. The story starts when a group of young girls, particularly one named Abigail, are caught dancing around a fire in the woods by the town preacher, Samuel Parris. In an effort to avoid getting in trouble, the girls begin to make accusations against the townspeople, saying that these people are witches who forced them to dance. As the hysteria grows in Salem, people begin to question their own neighbors, simply out of spite and vengeance, among other things. The Crucible is certainly historically accurate in it's portrayal of the townspeople's beliefs and attitudes. It is a film that should be seen to view the way people were in the seventeenth century. Fear was probably the biggest reason for all of the happenings. Fear is what got the girls started on their accusations, as they were afraid to get in trouble. They knew that if they were thought to be conjuring spirits, they would be hung. The townspeople were also afraid, especially of those who were different. They felt that they must be rid of anyone who disagreed with their beliefs. Just look at how the Puritans treated the Indians. They feared the Native Americans because their beliefs were different than their own. Also, the main reason that people were accused in the first place, is because when Tituba was being questioned, they were asking if she saw Sara Good and Sara Osborne with the Devil. Of course she said yes, they were threatening to kill her. Another example of fear in the village, is the fear of accepting your own actions and taking responsibility. The Puritans believed in predestination, and if the girls were dancing just to dance, and not because the Devil took them from their path to God, the townspeople would then have to take the responsibility for that, as it would be thier fault for letting these girls go astray. They were also afraid of change. Change in their beliefs would shut down the entire town, because it was built mainly on their ideology.

Gender and subject choice Essay

To carry out these interviews, I would take a sample of 20 sixth-formers, preferably within my own sixth-form to allow easier, speedier access and consisting equally of both males and females. In order to do this I would use quota sampling, this is a way in which variables can be controlled and the participants with similar characteristics are chosen, hence the overall sample can reflect the characteristics of the population as a whole. These samples would also preferably include students that had chosen to study any of the sciences, however particularly focusing on Biology. This sample would also take into account ethnic and class differences in order to allow me to differentiate between males and females according to different variables, providing sufficient extra data to measure gender against class roles and the intersections. Whilst this will provide qualitative clues as to subject choices by gender it will be limited in illustrating the impact of the learning environment and gender roles, as this would demand more ‘qualitative analysis’ such as that of Anne Colleys’. However, I would expect the results to be generalisable to a wider population. I will anchor these questions in previous research such as that of Anne Colley. Within the interviews, I am going to focus on Biology in particular when asking about the science/favourite subjects, etc. My reasons for doing this arise from the evidence that Science at GCSE level is more popular with males whereas at A-level it is more commonly chosen by females. I would begin the interviews with a number of open-ended questions, so as to give the participant a chance to provide me with worthy feedback, eg. â€Å"Why did you choose Biology? â€Å", and â€Å"What did you think of it ?(in comparison to GCSE level), etc. I would record the answers to these open questions as it would be time-consuming to write down many long answers, etc. This would enable me to extract a varied viewpoint on many different students perspectives of subject choice and preference. Then I would ask a series of closed-ended questions which will generally be more appropriate to achieve a table of results for clear comparisons to be made. These closed-ended questions would include similar questions to: â€Å"Do you think Biology is a girls subject?† and â€Å"Do you think Physics is a boys subject? â€Å", etc. Questions would be piloted on a small group of males and females to ensure its adequacy. This is in fact a small-scale preliminary study which will allow me to check that things will run smoothly during the interviews and also allow improvements to be made to the design of the research, should there be any faults. (471 words) Potential Problems As this is a such a small piece of research, it would a problem to generalise from it, especially to schools and pupils different from the sample, eg.ethnic minorities, private education, etc. It would give an idea of the reasons in which a particular small group of students chose their ‘A’ level subjects and their own individual reasons for doing so. However it could give a fair impression of reasons for subject choice in other cases, eg. similar circumstances to other pupils studying the same subjects etc. The usage of quota sampling does have both theoretical and practical drawbacks in some circumstances. It isn’t truly random as each person within the population doesn’t have an equal chance of being chosen. The lack of this genuine randomness may have a significant effect on the results. For example, the quota sample within my study would be only those illustrated on the biology class register, however the results may have more of an impact if a quota sample had been taken from all those who achieved a high grade at GCSE biology and were in fact considering going on to study it at a higher level, etc. There is of course, with my research an interviewer bias. As my opinions on the topic are set by doing the research, participants may be influenced by my asking of the questions and will therefore respond by giving a respectable answer as they may find the real truth embarrassing, eg. â€Å"I fancied a lad who was taking the course†. However I am similar in status to my chosen sample group, therefore they may wish to impress or please me by giving me answers that they think I ‘want’ to hear. Another problem may be the reliability of the interviewees memory, they aren’t currently making their choice and might not remember their thoughts on it at the time. Also during interviews, a crucial factor as a way of achieving a reliable outcome of the research is to not put ideas into the students head before having asked open-ended questions. For example, closed-ended questions especially may put forward ideas that weren’t there before and therefore mislead me about ‘their’ thoughts on the matter, etc.

The Development of Wave Energy in China

Introduction With the growing concern over the emission of greenhouse gas and the depletion of fossil in roughly a hundred years (Guo, 2010), greater emphasis are placed on the utilization the renewable clean energy, such as solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, biomass energy. Wave power, as one of inexhaustible clean energies, stands out prominently due to high efficiency and low capital cost. As a result, Sea wave power has been increasingly viewed in many countries as a competitive and promising energy resource(You, 2003).China’s engagement in the study of wave energy conversion since 1970’s has made significant progress in fueling China’s fast growing economy. And there is still great potential of further exploitation of wave energy as about 7? 1010 W of wave energy is technological accessible in the near shore of China. Development and deployment of wave power help phase in the energy structure swift ‘from coal-dominance to more shares of clean energy typesâ₠¬â„¢ to tackle the problem of energy crisis and environmental pollution in a cost-effective manner (reference from Beijing Foreign Affairs Office).This term paper focuses on the conditions, progress and challenges of utilizing wave energy in China. Firstly it discusses the physical concepts of sea wave energy, including the basic process, relative merits and several common converters. The main part then elaborates on the reasons and situations for China to exploit wave power. It finally concludes from the progress of utilization that wave power has a vast developing foreground and an infinite market potential in China. Physical Features of Wave PowerAs one of the mechanical waves, the ocean waves are generated by wind blowing vastly enough over the sea surface and transferring energy from wind to wave(Guo, 2010). Specifically, the formation of waves is due to ‘the tangential stress on the interface between the wind and sea’(Guo, 2010), intensified by ‘the wind blo ws on the upwind side of the wave which cause pressure different between upwind and downwind of wave(Guo, 2010). While energy transformation takes place in macrocosm and transverse aspect, changes of energy magnitude exist in microcosm and longitudinal regard.Under the action of wind and gravity, the particle moves in circle in deep water while moves elliptically in shallow water. Dimensions of particle trajectories decrease exponentially as the depth increase in both deep water and shallow water(Guo, 2010). Typically these paths will become very small at a water depth larger than a few wavelengths in the deep water (Chow, 2012), which means that the larger orbits on the sea surface contain more wave energy than those in the deeper location.Consequently, ‘the wave energy is stored in the ocean worldwide and highly concentrated near the ocean surface’(Guo, 2010). The above-mentioned kinetic energy and potential energy generated by sea surface waves is referred to as ocea n wave energy(â€Å"Wave Energy Development,† 2006). Huge amount of energy is stored in waves, consisting of 94% energy of the ocean stored in the waves and the other 6% in tidal energy(Guo, 2010). Generally speaking, wave power cannot convert to electricity directly like wind energy. Wave energy should first be captured and converted into useful mechanical energy and then use this form of mechanical energy to generate electricity’(Guo, 2010), which might cause energy loss during conversion. Three determinants of energy output are wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and water density. †¦ Relative Advantage and Disadvantages The technology of producing electricity from sea waves is innovative and a leading method worldwide.Environmental pollution and global warming as a result of fossil fuel consumption have turned people to make use of largest world resource to create electricity, namely, sea waves. Comparing with other renewable clean energies, wave power has re lative high-lightened merits as follows(Kloosterman, 2010): High Density Wave power is the densest power among renewable energy resources, namely about 5kW/m to 100kW/m(Guo, 2010). The high density of wave power implies that considerable amounts of electricity may be yielded at relatively small sites. Certain ContinuityThe second feature that makes wave power suitable for electricity production is that the wave power can produce electricity continuously Unlike most of renewable energy resources (Guo, 2010). By contrast, nuclear power plants and hydroelectric stations are hi ghly susceptible to earthquake damage and China is hit by more than 4 typhoons a year on average, making the building of wind farms extremely difficult but wave electrical devices promising(Aviv, 2008). High Efficiency Besides high density and continuity in production, wave energy also is characterized by its high efficiency.According to S. D. E, wave energy has the potential to provide 4 times more energy per sq uare meter than wind, leading to rendering 500 times more than the electricity requirements of the whole world population if fully harnessed which ‘offers a solution to the severe global shortage of electricity that is estimated to cost billions of dollars’(Aviv, 2008). Multi-purpose Utilization Plenty of other purposes can be realized by wave energy besides providing electricity. The low temperature water in deep seas can replace Freon for the refrigeration of air-conditioners in summer.Desalination of sea water on islands lacking of fresh water can also be achieved by wave power. As with You (2003), ‘Multi-purpose utilization of wave energy can increase its commercial values’. Some Drawbacks As a rather new field with most of the technology under development, the practical efficiency of the wave power device is not high enough. Basically, wave power is ready to be used at low speed and high force and the motion of forces is not in a single direction, rais ing difficulties for most electric generators that operate at higher speeds and turbines that need a constant, steady flow(â€Å"Powered by the Sea,†).Conversely, the cost for construction is high. Since the devices used for capturing the sea waves, ‘the structure need to be withstanding the rough weather and the corrosive sea water’(Guo, 2010). ‘The total cost includes the primary converter, the power take-off system, the mooring system, installation and maintenance cost, and electricity delivery costs(â€Å"Powered by the Sea,†)’, boosting costs of generation in this way.Also, the wave power electricity generation is highly dependent on the sea characteristics, putting limits of the construction of wave power devices exclusively to the high wave power density coastlines(Guo, 2010). Moreover, wave electricity devise can exert potential negative influence on the marine environment. Large-scale implementation of wave energy converts (WECs) is l ikely to introduce an anthropogenic activity in the ocean(Patricio, 2009). This in turn may contribute to underwater noise which is detrimental to certain marine fauna with acoustic sensibility.Proper and continuous monitor of the noise can help abate the negative effect on marine species. Consequently, the advantages of wave energy far outweigh its drawbacks which mostly can be mitigated with further technological development. Potential Worldwide and in China ‘The realistically usable worldwide resource of wave energy has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW’, equivalent to an annual amount of 6000TWh(Wikipedia). The practical potential to harness the wave power to generate electricity would be much less given some constraints like technical and economic difficulties(Guo, 2010).Waves generate approximately 2,700 gig watts of power. According to Wikipedia, of those 2,700 gig watts, only about 500 gig watts can be utilized with the technology currently. This huge poten tial and applicability of wave power concentrate especially on the regions along coastlines, including the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of the UK, and the Pacific coastlines of North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand(Wikipedia).South-eastern China has an obvious comparative advantage in regard of wave resources, with excellent conditions for mineralization, and there are 130 types of minerals with proven reserves. Recent Progress of utilization of wave power in China Although the first known patent on wave energy conversion was issued as early as 1799, extensive researches have not been carried out until the early 1970s(â€Å"Wave Energy Development,† 2006). Extracting the power of the waves is ‘moving out of the realms of sea mythology and into scientific reality’(â€Å"Powered by the Sea,†).Representative countries that pioneered in this field are United Kingdom,Norway,Portugal,China,India and so on(You, 200 3). ‘Various kinds of wave energy conversion devices have been proposed and many prototype wave power stations have been constructed, such as Salter duck, clam, Cockerel raft, oscillating water column (OWC)(You, 2003). ’ Had it not been due to certain technical and economic constraints, the huge reserve of power stored in oceans covering 71% of the earth’s surface is bound to have a promising foreground.For example, most of the studies on other influencing devices have been called off in light of low conversion efficiency and poor sustainability, leaving the OWC system of wave energy conversion to be the major direction of researches(You, 2003). Therefore, wave power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology comparing with other renewable green energies(â€Å"Powered by the Sea,†). In tune with the world trend, China is in the first rank of countries in studying wave energy conversion at present with a history also dated back to 1 970s. Actually, the application of wave power in a real sense started in 1982(Guo, 2010).Developments in establishing small marine wave power devices like lighthouse or small power devices equipped in ships laid foundation for the completion of the first wave power station in 2005 with capacity of 50kW and yields roughly 26MWh every year(Guo, 2010). The next milestone is also established in 2005 which is the largest wave power station in china with capacity of 100kW. Both of the power stations are located in the southern province Guangdong with 4,300 km in costline. China has established Department of Energy in 2009, and will focus on development of renewable energy include wave power.Glorious past contributes to the present development of wave energy in China. It is one of the most influencing countries in studying wave energy conversion at present. Up to now, three types of facilities utilizing wave power have been developed, including shoreline OWC wave power plants, floating OWC buoys and pendulous wave power plants(You, 2003). Besides, one of the two power plants in Guangdong province is under construction with 150kW capacity and the other one of 500Kw capacity is planed to start in the near future(Psenak, 2012).A third plant was built in Yangjiang City in 2011. Applicability of different wave power technologies in China can be summarized into five kinds, that is Oscillating water column(OWC), Pelamis wave power converter, Oyster wave power conerter, wave dragon converter and Finavera wave power converter(Guo, 2010). The main disadvantages with OWC are low efficiency and high capital cost, which canbe addressed with the development of OWC technology. According to the Chinese wave power company, the estimated total efficiency of the OWC system can reach 20%(Guo, 2010).Although covering the shortages of OWC, Pelamis wave power convertor with long and narrow (snake-like) shape pointing into the waves, is not suitable for China as it can only be applied to hi gh power density area. The same situation applies to the Finavera power converter. The Oyster system ‘consists of a hinged mechanical flap connected to the seabed at a depth of 10 metres. Each passing wave moves the flap which drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water via a pipeline to an onshore turbine which generates electricity’(â€Å"Powered by the Sea,†).Unlike Pelamis wave power converter, ‘Oyster wave converter has relative low limitation in wave power density and it is near-shore fixed in shallow water’(Guo, 2010). Moreover, the capital cost of Oyster wave power convertor is lower than OWC systems. It is considered suitable for China, according to Guo(2010). The wave dragon technology is not mature enough to be put into practice in full size. †¦ The future of wave power in China Chinese policy is open to developing comprehensive renewable energy resources, including wind power, solar power and wave power.Although wave powe r is currently the least used in China, it is widely believed that wave power has a big potential because of some advantageous natural conditions(Guo, 2010). †¦good wave climate in Guangdong, Fujian and some other provinces. The potential capacities of wave power in China are 500GW approximately(Liu). Wave energy is considered to be the large useful wave power resource in China. The technologies of wave power have been developed for a long time, though not very mature due to the high cost of the existing wave power plant.Continous experiments with new equipments to harness ocean wave energy as well as efforts to attract sizeable foreign investments would be the major goals of this giant developing country(â€Å"Wave Power Projects in US, Scotland and China â€Å", 2010). It is reasonably estimated that the cost for wave power generation will decrease to a rational level if wave power is largely used for commercial generation(Guo, 2010). As analyzed preceedingly, the on land O yster systems suit China best and improved OWC will be the most widely adopted wave power generation system in China.According to Guo, ‘if they are combined with newer systems off-shore wave power generation system such as Wave Dragon and Pelamis, these will form the future Chinese wave power generation system'. In this way, the time volatility of wave energy can also be smoothed by interconnection of large numbers of devices(Falnes, 1991). Hence, wave energy is expected to have a great potential to be economically competitive with the development of new designs and technical improvements over time(Falnes, 1991).Establishing, operating and maintaining the convert facilities of wave energy is set to provide a major boost to coastal societies for the country. Aviv, T. (2008). Sea Wave Power Plants Available in China Retrieved from http://www. renewableenergyworld. com/rea/news/article/2008/07/sea-wave-power-plants-available-in-china-53176 Falnes, J. L. , J. (1991). Ocean wave en ergy. Energy Policy, 19(8), 768-775. Guo, L. H. (2010). Applicability and Potential of Wave Power in China. 48. Retrieved from http://hig. diva-portal. org/smash/record. jsf? pid=diva2:327695 Kloosterman, K. (2010).SDE Makes Wave Power in China: Where It's Completing 1 MW Power Plant Deal. Retrieved from http://www. greenprophet. com/2010/04/sde-wave-energy-china/ Patricio, S. , Soares, C. & Sarmento, A. (2009). Underwater Noise Modelling of Wave Energy Devices. 9. Retrieved from http://www. see. ed. ac. uk/~shs/Wave%20Energy/EWTEC%202009/EWTEC%202009%20(D)/papers/151. pdf Powered by the Sea. New Scientist / Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://www. globalenvironmentalsociety. net/index. php? option=com_content&view=article&id=57:powered-by-the-sea&catid=25:news&Itemid=113 Psenak, L. (2012). Two wave power plants underway in China.Retrieved from http://www. renewable-energy-technology. net/marine-hydro/two-wave-power-plants-underway-china Wave Energy Development. (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fp7-standpoint. eu/index. php/en/wave-energy/wave-energy-development Wave Power Projects in US, Scotland and China (2010). Retrieved from EconomyWatch website: http://www. economywatch. com/renewable-energy/wave-power-development. html Wikipedia. Wave Power. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wave_power You, Y. G. , Zheng, Y. H. , Shen, Y. M. , Wu, B. J. & Liu, R. . (2003). Wave Energy Study in China: Advancements and Perspectives. China Ocean engineering, 17(1), 101-109.